dynare/dynare++/parser/cc/tree.cc

1012 lines
27 KiB
C++

/*
* Copyright © 2005-2011 Ondra Kamenik
* Copyright © 2019 Dynare Team
*
* This file is part of Dynare.
*
* Dynare is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* Dynare is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with Dynare. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include "utils/cc/exception.hh"
#include "tree.hh"
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace ogp;
/** Here we initialize OperationTree to contain only zero, one, nan
* and two_over_pi terms. */
OperationTree::OperationTree()
{
last_nulary = -1;
// allocate space for the constants
for (int i = 0; i < num_constants; i++)
add_nulary();
}
int
OperationTree::add_nulary()
{
int op = terms.size();
terms.push_back({});
_Tintset s;
s.insert(op);
nul_incidence.push_back(s);
derivatives.push_back({});
last_nulary = op;
return op;
}
int
OperationTree::add_unary(code_t code, int op)
{
if (op == zero
&& (code == code_t::UMINUS
|| code == code_t::SIN
|| code == code_t::TAN
|| code == code_t::SQRT
|| code == code_t::ERF))
return zero;
if ((op == zero && code == code_t::LOG) || op == nan)
return nan;
if (op == zero && (code == code_t::EXP
|| code == code_t::COS
|| code == code_t::ERFC))
return one;
Operation unary(code, op);
auto i = opmap.find(unary);
if (i == opmap.end())
{
int newop = terms.size();
// add to the terms
terms.push_back(unary);
// copy incidence of the operand
nul_incidence.push_back(nul_incidence[op]);
// insert it to opmap
opmap.emplace(unary, newop);
// add empty map of derivatives
_Tderivmap empty;
derivatives.push_back(empty);
return newop;
}
return i->second;
}
int
OperationTree::add_binary(code_t code, int op1, int op2)
{
// quick exits for special values
if (op1 == nan || op2 == nan)
return nan;
// for plus
if (code == code_t::PLUS)
{
if (op1 == zero && op2 == zero)
return zero;
else if (op1 == zero)
return op2;
else if (op2 == zero)
return op1;
}
// for minus
if (code == code_t::MINUS)
{
if (op1 == zero && op2 == zero)
return zero;
else if (op1 == zero)
return add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, op2);
else if (op2 == zero)
return op1;
}
// for times
if (code == code_t::TIMES)
{
if (op1 == zero || op2 == zero)
return zero;
else if (op1 == one)
return op2;
else if (op2 == one)
return op1;
}
// for divide
if (code == code_t::DIVIDE)
{
if (op1 == op2)
return one;
else if (op1 == zero)
return zero;
else if (op2 == zero)
return nan;
}
// for power
if (code == code_t::POWER)
{
if (op1 == zero && op2 == zero)
return nan;
else if (op1 == zero)
return zero;
else if (op2 == zero)
return one;
else if (op1 == one)
return one;
else if (op2 == one)
return op1;
}
// order operands of commutative operations
if (code == code_t::TIMES || code == code_t::PLUS)
if (op1 > op2)
{
int tmp = op1;
op1 = op2;
op2 = tmp;
}
// construct operation and check/add it
Operation binary(code, op1, op2);
auto i = opmap.find(binary);
if (i == opmap.end())
{
int newop = terms.size();
terms.push_back(binary);
// sum both sets of incidenting nulary operations
nul_incidence.push_back(nul_incidence[op1]);
nul_incidence.back().insert(nul_incidence[op2].begin(), nul_incidence[op2].end());
// add to opmap
opmap.emplace(binary, newop);
// add empty map of derivatives
_Tderivmap empty;
derivatives.push_back(empty);
return newop;
}
return i->second;
}
int
OperationTree::add_derivative(int t, int v)
{
if (t < 0 || t >= static_cast<int>(terms.size()))
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Wrong value for tree index in OperationTree::add_derivative");
// quick returns for nulary terms or empty incidence
if (terms[t].nary() == 0 && t != v)
return zero;
if (terms[t].nary() == 0 && t == v)
return one;
if (nul_incidence[t].end() == nul_incidence[t].find(v))
return zero;
// quick return if the derivative has been registered
auto i = derivatives[t].find(v);
if (i != derivatives[t].end())
return i->second;
int res = -1;
switch (terms[t].getCode())
{
case code_t::UMINUS:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, tmp);
break;
}
case code_t::LOG:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::DIVIDE, tmp, terms[t].getOp1());
break;
}
case code_t::EXP:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, t, tmp);
break;
}
case code_t::SIN:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, add_unary(code_t::COS, terms[t].getOp1()), tmp);
break;
}
case code_t::COS:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, add_binary(code_t::TIMES, add_unary(code_t::SIN, terms[t].getOp1()), tmp));
break;
}
case code_t::TAN:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_unary(code_t::COS, terms[t].getOp1());
res = add_binary(code_t::DIVIDE, tmp, add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp2, tmp2));
break;
}
case code_t::SQRT:
{
int tmp = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::DIVIDE, tmp,
add_binary(code_t::PLUS, t, t));
break;
}
case code_t::ERF:
{
int tmp = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, terms[t].getOp1(), terms[t].getOp1());
tmp = add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, tmp);
tmp = add_unary(code_t::EXP, tmp);
int der = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
tmp = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp, der);
res = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, two_over_pi, tmp);
break;
}
case code_t::ERFC:
{
int tmp = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, terms[t].getOp1(), terms[t].getOp1());
tmp = add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, tmp);
tmp = add_unary(code_t::EXP, tmp);
int der = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
tmp = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp, der);
tmp = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, two_over_pi, tmp);
res = add_unary(code_t::UMINUS, tmp);
break;
}
case code_t::PLUS:
{
int tmp1 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp2(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::PLUS, tmp1, tmp2);
break;
}
case code_t::MINUS:
{
int tmp1 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp2(), v);
res = add_binary(code_t::MINUS, tmp1, tmp2);
break;
}
case code_t::TIMES:
{
int tmp1 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp2(), v);
int res1 = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, terms[t].getOp1(), tmp2);
int res2 = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp1, terms[t].getOp2());
res = add_binary(code_t::PLUS, res1, res2);
break;
}
case code_t::DIVIDE:
{
int tmp1 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp2(), v);
if (tmp2 == zero)
res = add_binary(code_t::DIVIDE, tmp1, terms[t].getOp2());
else
{
int nom = add_binary(code_t::MINUS,
add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp1, terms[t].getOp2()),
add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp2, terms[t].getOp1()));
int den = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, terms[t].getOp2(), terms[t].getOp2());
res = add_binary(code_t::DIVIDE, nom, den);
}
break;
}
case code_t::POWER:
{
int tmp1 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp1(), v);
int tmp2 = add_derivative(terms[t].getOp2(), v);
int s1 = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp2,
add_binary(code_t::TIMES, t,
add_unary(code_t::LOG, terms[t].getOp1())));
int s2 = add_binary(code_t::TIMES, tmp1,
add_binary(code_t::TIMES, terms[t].getOp2(),
add_binary(code_t::POWER, terms[t].getOp1(),
add_binary(code_t::MINUS, terms[t].getOp2(), one))));
res = add_binary(code_t::PLUS, s1, s2);
break;
}
case code_t::NONE:
break;
}
if (res == -1)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Unknown operation code.");
register_derivative(t, v, res);
return res;
}
int
OperationTree::add_substitution(int t, const map<int, int> &subst)
{
return add_substitution(t, subst, *this);
}
int
OperationTree::add_substitution(int t, const map<int, int> &subst,
const OperationTree &otree)
{
// return substitution of t if it is in the map
auto it = subst.find(t);
if (subst.end() != it)
return it->second;
int nary = otree.terms[t].nary();
if (nary == 2)
{
// return the binary operation of the substituted terms
int t1 = add_substitution(otree.terms[t].getOp1(), subst, otree);
int t2 = add_substitution(otree.terms[t].getOp2(), subst, otree);
return add_binary(otree.terms[t].getCode(), t1, t2);
}
else if (nary == 1)
{
// return the unary operation of the substituted term
int t1 = add_substitution(otree.terms[t].getOp1(), subst, otree);
return add_unary(otree.terms[t].getCode(), t1);
}
else
{
// if t is not the first num_constants, and otree is not this
// tree, then raise and exception. Otherwise return t, since
// it is either a special term (having the same semantics in
// both trees), or the trees are the same, hence t has the
// same semantics
if (t < num_constants || this == &otree)
return t;
else
{
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Incomplete substitution map in OperationTree::add_substitution");
return -1;
}
}
}
void
OperationTree::nularify(int t)
{
// remove the original operation from opmap
auto it = opmap.find(terms[t]);
if (it != opmap.end())
opmap.erase(it);
// turn the operation to nulary
Operation nulary_op;
terms[t] = nulary_op;
// update last nulary
if (last_nulary < t)
last_nulary = t;
// update nul_incidence information for all terms including t
update_nul_incidence_after_nularify(t);
}
void
OperationTree::register_derivative(int t, int v, int tder)
{
// todo: might check that the insert inserts a new pair
derivatives[t].emplace(v, tder);
}
unordered_set<int>
OperationTree::select_terms(int t, const opselector &sel) const
{
unordered_set<int> subterms;
select_terms(t, sel, subterms);
return subterms;
}
void
OperationTree::select_terms(int t, const opselector &sel, unordered_set<int> &subterms) const
{
const Operation &op = terms[t];
if (sel(t))
subterms.insert(t);
else
if (op.nary() == 2)
{
select_terms(op.getOp1(), sel, subterms);
select_terms(op.getOp2(), sel, subterms);
}
else if (op.nary() == 1)
select_terms(op.getOp1(), sel, subterms);
}
unordered_set<int>
OperationTree::select_terms_inv(int t, const opselector &sel) const
{
unordered_set<int> subterms;
select_terms_inv(t, sel, subterms);
return subterms;
}
bool
OperationTree::select_terms_inv(int t, const opselector &sel, unordered_set<int> &subterms) const
{
const Operation &op = terms[t];
if (op.nary() == 2)
{
bool a1 = select_terms_inv(op.getOp1(), sel, subterms);
bool a2 = select_terms_inv(op.getOp2(), sel, subterms);
if (a1 && a2 && sel(t))
{
subterms.insert(t);
return true;
}
}
else if (op.nary() == 1)
{
bool a1 = select_terms_inv(op.getOp1(), sel, subterms);
if (a1 && sel(t))
{
subterms.insert(t);
return true;
}
}
else
{
if (sel(t))
{
subterms.insert(t);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void
OperationTree::forget_derivative_maps()
{
for (auto &derivative : derivatives)
derivative.clear();
}
void
OperationTree::print_operation_tree(int t, std::ostream &os, OperationFormatter &f) const
{
f.format(terms[t], t, os);
}
void
OperationTree::print_operation(int t) const
{
DefaultOperationFormatter dof(*this);
print_operation_tree(t, std::cout, dof);
}
void
OperationTree::update_nul_incidence_after_nularify(int t)
{
unordered_set<int> updated;
for (int tnode = num_constants; tnode < static_cast<int>(terms.size()); tnode++)
{
const Operation &op = terms[tnode];
if (op.nary() == 2)
{
int op1 = op.getOp1();
int op2 = op.getOp2();
if (op1 >= tnode || op2 >= tnode)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Tree disorder asserted");
bool updated1 = (updated.end() != updated.find(op1));
bool updated2 = (updated.end() != updated.find(op2));
if (updated1 || updated2)
{
nul_incidence[tnode] = nul_incidence[op1];
nul_incidence[tnode].insert(nul_incidence[op2].begin(), nul_incidence[op2].end());
updated.insert(tnode);
}
}
else if (op.nary() == 1)
{
int op1 = op.getOp1();
if (op1 >= tnode)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Tree disorder asserted");
bool updated1 = (updated.end() != updated.find(op1));
if (updated1)
{
nul_incidence[tnode] = nul_incidence[op1];
updated.insert(tnode);
}
}
else if (op.nary() == 0)
{
if (tnode == t)
{
nul_incidence[tnode].clear();
nul_incidence[tnode].insert(tnode);
updated.insert(tnode);
}
}
}
}
EvalTree::EvalTree(const OperationTree &ot, int last)
: otree(ot),
values(std::make_unique<double[]>((last == -1) ? ot.terms.size() : last+1)),
flags(std::make_unique<bool[]>((last == -1) ? ot.terms.size() : last+1)),
last_operation((last == -1) ? ot.terms.size()-1 : last)
{
if (last_operation < OperationTree::num_constants-1
|| last_operation > static_cast<int>(ot.terms.size())-1)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Wrong last in EvalTree constructor.");
values[0] = 0.0;
flags[0] = true;
values[1] = 1.0;
flags[1] = true;
values[2] = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
flags[2] = true;
values[3] = 2.0/std::sqrt(M_PI);
flags[3] = true;
// this sets from num_constants on
reset_all();
}
void
EvalTree::reset_all()
{
for (int i = OperationTree::num_constants; i <= last_operation; i++)
flags[i] = false;
}
void
EvalTree::set_nulary(int t, double val)
{
if (t < 0 || t > last_operation)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"The tree index out of bounds in EvalTree::set_nulary");
if (t < OperationTree::num_constants || otree.terms[t].nary() != 0)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"The term is not nulary assignable in EvalTree::set_nulary");
values[t] = val;
flags[t] = true;
}
double
EvalTree::eval(int t)
{
if (t < 0 || t > last_operation)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"The tree index out of bounds in EvalTree::eval");
if (otree.terms[t].nary() == 0 && flags[t] == false)
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Nulary term has not been assigned a value in EvalTree::eval");
if (!flags[t])
{
const Operation &op = otree.terms[t];
if (op.nary() == 1)
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
double res;
if (op.getCode() == code_t::UMINUS)
res = -r1;
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::LOG)
res = log(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::EXP)
res = exp(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::SIN)
res = sin(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::COS)
res = cos(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::TAN)
res = tan(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::SQRT)
res = sqrt(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::ERF)
res = erf(r1);
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::ERFC)
res = erfc(r1);
else
{
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Unknown unary operation code in EvalTree::eval");
res = 0.0;
}
values[t] = res;
flags[t] = true;
}
else if (op.nary() == 2)
{
double res;
if (op.getCode() == code_t::PLUS)
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
res = r1 + r2;
}
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::MINUS)
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
res = r1 - r2;
}
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::TIMES)
{
// pickup less complex formula first
unsigned int nul1 = otree.nulary_of_term(op.getOp1()).size();
unsigned int nul2 = otree.nulary_of_term(op.getOp2()).size();
if (nul1 < nul2)
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
if (r1 == 0.0)
res = 0.0;
else
{
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
res = r1 * r2;
}
}
else
{
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
if (r2 == 0)
res = 0.0;
else
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
res = r1*r2;
}
}
}
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::DIVIDE)
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
if (r1 == 0)
res = 0.0;
else
{
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
res = r1 / r2;
}
}
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::POWER)
{
// suppose that more complex is the first op in average
double r2 = eval(op.getOp2());
if (r2 == 0.0)
res = 1.0;
else
{
double r1 = eval(op.getOp1());
res = pow(r1, r2);
}
}
else
{
throw ogu::Exception(__FILE__, __LINE__,
"Unknown binary operation code in EvalTree::eval");
res = 0.0;
}
values[t] = res;
flags[t] = true;
}
return values[t];
}
return values[t];
}
void
EvalTree::print() const
{
std::cout << "last_op=" << last_operation << '\n'
<< " 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n"
<< u8"────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n";
for (int i = 0; i <= (last_operation+1)/10; i++)
{
std::cout << std::setw(3) << i << u8"";
int j = 0;
while (j < 10 && 10*i+j < last_operation+1)
{
int k = 10*i+j;
if (flags[k])
std::cout << " " << std::setw(5) << std::setprecision(1) << values[k];
else
std::cout << u8" ─────";
j++;
}
std::cout << "\n";
}
}
void
DefaultOperationFormatter::format(const Operation &op, int t, std::ostream &os)
{
// add to the stop_set
if (stop_set.end() == stop_set.find(t))
stop_set.insert(t);
else
return;
// call recursively non-nulary terms of the operation
if (op.nary() == 2)
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.terms[t1];
int t2 = op.getOp2();
const Operation &op2 = otree.terms[t2];
if (op1.nary() > 0)
format(op1, t1, os);
if (op2.nary() > 0)
format(op2, t2, os);
}
if (op.nary() == 1)
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.terms[t1];
if (op1.nary() > 0)
format(op1, t1, os);
}
// print 'term ='
format_term(t, os);
os << " = ";
if (op.nary() == 0)
format_nulary(t, os);
else if (op.nary() == 1)
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.terms[t1];
std::string opname = "unknown";
switch (op.getCode())
{
case code_t::UMINUS:
opname = "-";
break;
case code_t::LOG:
opname = "log";
break;
case code_t::EXP:
opname = "exp";
break;
case code_t::SIN:
opname = "sin";
break;
case code_t::COS:
opname = "cos";
break;
case code_t::TAN:
opname = "tan";
break;
case code_t::SQRT:
opname = "sqrt";
break;
case code_t::ERF:
opname = "erf";
break;
case code_t::ERFC:
opname = "erfc";
break;
default:
break;
}
os << opname << '(';
if (op1.nary() == 0)
format_nulary(t1, os);
else
format_term(t1, os);
os << ")";
}
else
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.terms[t1];
int t2 = op.getOp2();
const Operation &op2 = otree.terms[t2];
std::string opname = "unknown";
switch (op.getCode())
{
case code_t::PLUS:
opname = "+";
break;
case code_t::MINUS:
opname = "-";
break;
case code_t::TIMES:
opname = "*";
break;
case code_t::DIVIDE:
opname = "/";
break;
case code_t::POWER:
opname = "^";
break;
default:
break;
}
if (op1.nary() == 0)
format_nulary(t1, os);
else
format_term(t1, os);
os << ' ' << opname << ' ';
if (op2.nary() == 0)
format_nulary(t2, os);
else
format_term(t2, os);
}
print_delim(os);
}
void
DefaultOperationFormatter::format_term(int t, std::ostream &os) const
{
os << '$' << t;
}
void
DefaultOperationFormatter::format_nulary(int t, std::ostream &os) const
{
if (t == OperationTree::zero)
os << '0';
else if (t == OperationTree::one)
os << '1';
else if (t == OperationTree::nan)
os << "NaN";
else
os << '$' << t;
}
void
DefaultOperationFormatter::print_delim(std::ostream &os) const
{
os << ";\n";
}
std::string
OperationStringConvertor::convert(const Operation &op, int t) const
{
if (op.nary() == 0)
{
if (t < OperationTree::num_constants)
if (t == OperationTree::zero)
return "0";
else if (t == OperationTree::one)
return "1";
else if (t == OperationTree::nan)
return "NaN";
else if (t == OperationTree::two_over_pi)
{
std::ostringstream buf;
buf << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digits10)
<< 2.0/std::sqrt(M_PI);
return buf.str();
}
else
return "error!error";
else
return nulsc.convert(t);
}
else if (op.nary() == 1)
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.operation(t1);
std::string opname = "unknown";
switch (op.getCode())
{
case code_t::UMINUS:
opname = "-";
break;
case code_t::LOG:
opname = "log";
break;
case code_t::EXP:
opname = "exp";
break;
case code_t::SIN:
opname = "sin";
break;
case code_t::COS:
opname = "cos";
break;
case code_t::TAN:
opname = "tan";
break;
case code_t::SQRT:
opname = "sqrt";
break;
case code_t::ERF:
opname = "erf";
break;
case code_t::ERFC:
opname = "erfc";
break;
default:
break;
}
std::string s1 = convert(op1, t1);
return opname + "(" + s1 + ")";
}
else
{
int t1 = op.getOp1();
const Operation &op1 = otree.operation(t1);
int t2 = op.getOp2();
const Operation &op2 = otree.operation(t2);
std::string opname = "unknown";
switch (op.getCode())
{
case code_t::PLUS:
opname = "+";
break;
case code_t::MINUS:
opname = "-";
break;
case code_t::TIMES:
opname = "*";
break;
case code_t::DIVIDE:
opname = "/";
break;
case code_t::POWER:
opname = "^";
break;
default:
break;
}
// decide about parenthesis
bool op1_par = true;
bool op2_par = true;
if (op.getCode() == code_t::PLUS)
{
op1_par = false;
op2_par = false;
}
else if (op.getCode() == code_t::MINUS)
{
op1_par = false;
if (op2.getCode() != code_t::MINUS && op2.getCode() != code_t::PLUS)
op2_par = false;
}
else
{
if (op1.nary() < 2)
op1_par = false;
if (op2.nary() < 2)
op2_par = false;
}
std::string res;
if (op1_par)
res += "(";
res += convert(op1, t1);
if (op1_par)
res += ")";
res += " ";
res += opname;
res += " ";
if (op2_par)
res += "(";
res += convert(op2, t2);
if (op2_par)
res += ")";
return res;
}
}